Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Bava Batra 3:1

חֶזְקַת הַבָּתִּים וְהַבּוֹרוֹת וְהַשִּׁיחִין וְהַמְּעָרוֹת וְהַשּׁוֹבָכוֹת וְהַמֶּרְחֲצָאוֹת וּבֵית הַבַּדִּין וּבֵית הַשְּׁלָחִין וְהָעֲבָדִים וְכָל שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה פֵרוֹת תָּדִיר, חֶזְקָתָן שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם. שְׂדֵה הַבַּעַל, חֶזְקָתָהּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים, וְאֵינָהּ מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, שְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּשְׁלֹשָׁה בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בָאֶמְצַע, הֲרֵי שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, חֹדֶשׁ בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וְחֹדֶשׁ בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בָּאֶמְצַע, הֲרֵי אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בִּשְׂדֵה לָבָן. אֲבָל בִּשְׂדֵה אִילָן, כָּנַס אֶת תְּבוּאָתוֹ, מָסַק אֶת זֵיתָיו, כָּנַס אֶת קֵיצוֹ, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים:

La chazakah (période de possession considérée comme preuve de propriété) pour les maisons, boroth, shichin et ma'aroth (voir 2: 1), colombes, bains, un pressoir à olives, un champ irrigué, des esclaves, et tous des choses qui produisent constamment des fruits —leur chazakah dure trois ans, de jour en jour. [Si quelqu'un a perdu sa facture (d'achat), et qu'il a amené des témoins qu'il était en possession dans chacun des cas mentionnés dans notre Michna, on pense qu'il déclare qu'il est l'acheteur, et on ne lui dit pas: "Apportez votre facture d'achat. " Pendant jusqu'à trois ans, on s'occupe de sa facture (d'achat), mais pas plus longtemps. Et on dit au demandeur: Si vous ne lui aviez pas vendu, vous auriez dû protester devant deux (témoins): «Sachez que cet homme est en train de« manger »ma terre en vol», et l’affaire lui serait venue à l’oreille, et il aurait été attentif à sa facture (d'achat). Pour "Votre ami a un ami et l'ami de votre ami a un ami." Et puisque vous n'avez pas protesté, c'est votre perte. ("un champ irrigué" :) Comme il est constamment surveillé à des fins d'irrigation, il est constamment productif. Et la chazakah de quelque chose qui est constamment productif dure trois ans de jour en jour. ("esclaves" :) Et bien que nous gouvernions: "Godroth (moutons, comme dans Nombres 32:16: 'gidroth tzon', (c'est-à-dire, bergeries) n'ont pas de chazakah," et la même chose s'applique à tous les êtres vivants—c'est une chazakah immédiate qu'ils n'ont pas. Autrement dit, si le mouton ou l'esclave étaient connus pour appartenir à un homme et qu'ils sont entrés dans la maison d'un autre, et que le second a affirmé qu'il les avait achetés et qu'il en était en possession, ce n'est pas la chazakah, car ils sont habitués à aller de maison en maison. Mais s'il a tenu un esclave pendant trois ans, c'est une chazakah et il n'a pas besoin de facture d'achat.] La chazakah d'un champ pluvial, [qui n'est productif qu'une fois par an] est de trois ans, [ne nécessitant pas de au jour le jour. "] R. Yishmael dit: Trois mois le premier (année), trois mois le dernier et douze mois au milieu—dix-huit mois. [Car il y a des produits qui poussent en trois mois, comme l'orge, l'avoine et les lentilles— afin que l'on puisse manger trois récoltes en dix-huit mois.] R. Akiva dit: Un mois le premier, un mois le dernier et douze mois au milieu —quatorze mois. [Certaines choses poussent en trente jours, comme le maïs jeune et les légumes verts. Par conséquent, s'il en a mangé quatorze mois, c'est une chazakah.] R. Yishmael a dit: [(R. Yishmael soutient que la consommation de jeunes maïs et de légumes verts n'établit pas une chazakah, mais seulement la consommation de vrais grains et fruits .)] Quand est-ce ainsi? [que dix-huit mois sont nécessaires pour un champ pluvial?] Avec un champ de céréales, [dont tous les produits sont récoltés en une période, raison pour laquelle trois ans sont nécessaires.]; mais avec un champ d'arbres, [dont les fruits sont cueillis à des périodes différentes: raisins, en une période; olives dans un autre; et les figues, dans un autre], s'il ramassait son produit [vin de raisin], récoltait ses olives et recueillait ses figues [c'est-à-dire, s'il les récoltait, les séchait et les apportait dans sa maison], c'est [ une chazakah, comme si c'était] trois ans. [La halakha n'est conforme ni à R. Akiva ni à R. Yishmael.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

חזקת הבתים – whomever has lost his document [of sale] and brought witnesses that he has taken possession for three years with all of those things that are written in our Mishnah, he is believed to state that they were purchased property in his hand and we don’t say to him, “bring the bill of sale that it it was sold to you for up to three years, people are careful with documents; more than three years, they (i.e., people) are not careful. And we say to the individual that is against him if you have [proof] that you didn’t sell it, you should have protested and state before two [witnesses]: “know that so-and-so consumed my land through theft” and the matter would reach his ears and he would be careful with his document, for your friend has a friend, and the friend of your friend has a friend, and if you don’t
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra

The legal period of possession [in order to establish ownership] for houses, cisterns, trenches, caves, dovecotes, bath-houses, olive-presses, irrigated fields and slaves and anything which continually produces a yield is three complete years.
The legal period of possession [in order to establish ownership] for a field irrigated by rain water is three years and they need not be completed. Rabbi Yishmael says: “Three months during the first year, and three months during the last year and twelve months during the middle year, which makes eighteen months.” Rabbi Akiva says: “One month during the first year and one month during the last year and twelve months during the middle year, which makes fourteen months.”
Rabbi Yishmael said: “When does this apply? With regards to a sown field, but with tree plantation, if he brought in his produce (, collected the olives and gathered in his fig harvest, this counts as three years.”

In order to understand our mishnah and the remaining mishnayoth of the chapter we will need to explain how one can demonstrate ownership over a piece of land by “possession”. In general in Jewish law there is an assumption of ownership to the one who possesses a certain item. If Reuven possesses an item and Shimon claims that the item is his, and Reuven responds that Shimon sold him the item, Shimon will have to bring proof that the item still belongs to him. Since the item is in Reuven’s possession it is assumed to be his. This is true with regards to movable property. However, with regards to land, a person who is on a piece of land cannot necessarily claim ownership to the land. If Reuven is on a piece of land and Shimon claims it is his and Reuven responds that Shimon sold it to him, Reuven will have to prove his claim. If, however, Reuven has been living on this land, or in another way possessing the land for three years, he has an assumption of possession. In such a case Shimon will need to prove that he still owns the land if he wishes to recover it from Reuven. The idea behind this law is that if a person demonstrated ownership over a piece of land for an extended period of time and no one protested, it is reasonable to assume that the land is his.
The third chapter of Bava Batra deals with the rule of three year possession called “chazakah” in Hebrew. The rule, as we shall see, does not apply in the same way with everything.
If a person demonstrated ownership over the items listed in section one for three years, than they are assumed to be his. For instance, if Reuven used a house for three years and after this time Shimon came and claimed that the house was his, if Reuven were to respond that Shimon sold or gave him the house, Reuven needs to bring witnesses that he has possessed the house for three years, and then it belongs to him. In order to establish a presumption of ownership over these items one must possess them for three full years.
In order to establish a presumption of ownership over a field irrigated by rain water, one need not possess the field for three full years, but rather it is sufficient to posses them for parts of three years. This difference in law is explained by the difference between the irrigated field mentioned in section one and the field irrigated by rain water in section two. A field irrigated by man will yield produce many times in a season and therefore to demonstrate ownership one must actively possess the field for three full years. The field irrigated by rain will only yield one crop per year and therefore it is enough to harvest or work three crops to demonstrate possession. In order to do this one can work the field for three partial years. Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva disagree with regards to the nature of the partial three years.
In section three Rabbi Yishmael states that there is a difference between a field sown with produce and a field with fruit trees. When Rabbi Yishmael stated that one needed eighteen months in order to demonstrate ownership, this related to sown fields. In a sown field there is only one harvest per season, and therefore he would need three harvests in order to demonstrate ownership through possession. With regards to trees, each type of tree has its own harvesting season. Therefore if he were to harvest the grapes in one season, the olives in another and the figs in a third, that would be enough to establish possession, even though they were all done in one year.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

שובכות – where they raise/grow doves there.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

בית הבדים – that they press olives in them to produce oil.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

בית השלחין – for since there is a spring in it that waters the field from it always and produces fruits frequently and anything that produces fruits frequently, its presumption of claim based upon undisturbed possession [during a legally fixed period] is three years from day to day.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

והעבדים – and even though that we hold that animals living in folds (i.e., moving livestock, which they leave in the daytime) is no evidence of ownership (as they may have come over by accident – see Talmud Bava Batra 36a), meaning to say that sheep from the language "גדרות צאן"/fenced in sheep, have no presumption of ownership (as they may have come over by accident), and the same law applies to all living creatures; that is, a presumption immediately that they lack this if it was known that the sheep and/or the slaves belonged to someone else, and entered the house of the other person. But this one claims that they entered into his house that they were purchased in his hand: “Behold I am known to hold them in possession. This is not a presumption of ownership because it is their manner to go from house to house. But if he held/took possession of a slave for three years, that is claim based upon an undisturbed possession and there is no need [to produce] a bill of sale.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

שדה הבעל – it is supplied from rain water and doesn’t produce fruits other than once a year.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

חזקתה שלש שנים – and it doesn’t have to be from day to day.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

רבי ישמעאל אומר שלשה חדשים – there is grain that grows in three months such as barley and oats and lentils and it is found that one eats three grains in eight months.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

רבי עקיבא אומר – there is something that grows in thirty days such as corn at the earliest stage/low growth and vegetables. Therefore, if one ate it for fourteen months that is considered a presumption of ownership. But Rabbi Yishmael holds that the eating of corn at the earliest stage and vegetables are not considered presumption of ownership.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

במה דברים אמורים – that one needs eighteen months for a field sufficiently watered by rain and requiring no artificial irrigation.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

בשדה לבן – [a bright, vegetable or grain field that lacks shade] where all of its fruits are collected at one time, therefore, it requires three [complete] years.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

אבל בשדה האילן – that whose fruits are collected at periods – grapes at one period and olives at another period and figs at another period.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

כנס את תבואתו – wine of grapes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

כנס את זיתיו וכנס את קיצו – he harvested figs and dried them, and brought them into his house, that is a presumption of ownership, as if it is three years, but the Halakha is not according to either Rabbi Akiva nor Rabbi Yishmael.
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